Paul’s Christian apocalyptic modifies the Jewish apocalyptic motif of dualism by both tempering it and intensifying it. (1) He tempers it because the history of Israel is for him not simply the old age of darkness. Israel’s past contains the footprints of the promises of God, and these promises are taken up into the new age rather than cast aside. Thus Paul softens the dualism between the present age and the age to come by interpreting Israel’s history in a typological way. The era of “the old covenant”